Abstract

Optimum fertility is a prerequisite for enhancing productivity as well as lifetime production in dairy bovines. However, accumulating evidence indicates that fertility has declined with increasing milk yields. Analysis of the available information suggests that dairy animals in India generally calve at a later age, conceive much later during the postpartum period, and exhibit relatively low conception rates. Among the various factors contributing to an extended service period and, consequently, a prolonged calving interval, postpartum uterine infections account for nearly 30% of the cases. Infectious diseases affecting the reproductive tract result in substantial economic losses throughout the reproductive cycle by reducing ovulation rates, fertilization rates, embryonic survival, and fetal survival. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of uterine diseases, together with the identification of reliable biomarkers for the early detection of uterine infections, is essential for improving reproductive efficiency. Equally important is the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to achieve the long-standing goal of obtaining one calf per cow per year. In this context, recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of uterine infections, with particular emphasis on subclinical uterine infections, have been compiled, critically analysed, and presented in this review. The objective is to provide readers with an updated overview of current knowledge, emerging diagnostic approaches, and recent therapeutic developments in this important area of bovine reproductive health.

Keywords : Cattle, Buffalo, Uterine Infection, Diagnosis, Therapy